Tarihin rare duniya m maganadiso ga Motors

2022-05-31

Rare earth element(rare duniya m maganadiso) abubuwa ne na ƙarfe guda 17 a tsakiyar tebur na lokaci-lokaci (atom ɗin lambobi 21, 39, da 57-71) waɗanda ke da sabon abu mai kyalli, mai ɗaukar nauyi, da kayan maganadisu waɗanda ke sa su dace da ƙarin ƙarfe na gama gari kamar Iron) yana da amfani sosai idan gami ko gauraye a kananan adadi. A fannin ilimin kasa, abubuwan da ba kasafai suke yin kasa ba musamman ba su da yawa. Ana samun ajiyar waɗannan karafa a sassa da yawa na duniya, kuma wasu abubuwa suna nan a cikin kusan adadin tagulla ko kwano. Duk da haka, ba a taɓa samun abubuwan da ba kasafai ake samun su a cikin adadi mai yawa ba kuma galibi ana haɗe su da juna ko tare da abubuwan da ke kunna rediyo kamar uranium. Abubuwan sinadarai na abubuwan da ba kasafai suke da kasa ba suna sa da wuya a rabu da kayan da ke kewaye da su, kuma waɗannan kaddarorin kuma suna sa Suna da wahalar tsarkakewa. Hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na yanzu suna buƙatar ma'adanin ma'adinai masu yawa kuma suna samar da adadi mai yawa na datti don fitar da ƙananan ƙananan karafa na duniya, tare da sharar gida daga hanyoyin sarrafawa ciki har da ruwan rediyo, fluorine mai guba da acid.

Abubuwan maganadisu na farko na dindindin da aka gano sune ma'adanai waɗanda suka ba da ingantaccen filin maganadisu. Har zuwa farkon karni na 19, maganadisu ba su da ƙarfi, marasa ƙarfi, kuma an yi su da ƙarfe na carbon. A cikin 1917, Japan ta gano ƙarfe na cobalt magnet, wanda ya inganta. Ayyukan maganadisu na dindindin ya ci gaba da inganta tun lokacin da aka gano su. Ga Alnicos (Al/Ni/Co alloys) a cikin 1930s, wannan juyin halitta ya bayyana a cikin matsakaicin adadin ƙãra makamashi samfurin (BH) max, wanda ƙwarai inganta ingancin factor na dindindin maganadiso, da kuma ga wani ba girma na maganadiso, da Matsakaicin adadin kuzari za a iya Juyawa zuwa ƙarfin da za a iya amfani da shi a cikin injina ta amfani da maganadisu.

An gano magnetin ferrite na farko da bazata a cikin 1950 a cikin dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar lissafi mallakar Philips Industrial Research a Netherlands. Mataimakin ya haɗa shi da kuskure - ya kamata ya shirya wani samfurin don yin nazari a matsayin kayan aikin semiconductor. An gano cewa a zahiri maganadisu ne, don haka aka mika shi ga ƙungiyar binciken maganadisu. Saboda kyakkyawan aikinsa a matsayin maganadisu da ƙananan farashin samarwa. Don haka, samfurin Philips ne ya haɓaka wanda ke nuna farkon haɓakar saurin amfani da maganadisu na dindindin.

A cikin 1960s, na farko da ba kasafai duniya maganadiso(rare duniya m maganadiso)An yi su ne daga abubuwan da suka shafi lanthanide, yttrium. Su ne mafi ƙarfi na dindindin maganadisu tare da babban jikewa magnetization da kyau juriya demagnetization. Kodayake suna da tsada, masu rauni da rashin aiki a yanayin zafi mai yawa, sun fara mamaye kasuwa yayin da aikace-aikacen su ya zama mafi dacewa. Mallakar kwamfutoci na sirri ya zama ruwan dare a cikin 1980s, wanda ke nufin babban buƙatu na dindindin na maganadisu don tukwici.


A tsakiyar shekarun 1960 ne aka kera alloys irin su samarium-cobalt tare da samar da karafa na farko na mika mulki da kasa da ba kasafai ba, kuma a karshen shekarun 1970, farashin cobalt ya tashi matuka saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali a Kongo. A wancan lokacin, mafi girma samarium-cobalt magnetin na dindindin (BH) max shine mafi girma kuma al'ummar bincike dole ne su maye gurbin waɗannan maganadiso. Bayan 'yan shekaru baya, a cikin 1984, haɓakar abubuwan maganadisu na dindindin bisa Nd-Fe-B Sagawa et al ne suka fara ba da shawara. Yin amfani da fasahar ƙarfe ta foda a Sumitomo Special Metals, ta amfani da tsarin narke narke daga General Motors. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa, (BH) max ya inganta kusan kusan ƙarni, yana farawa daga ≈1 MGOe don karfe kuma ya kai kusan 56 MGOe don maganadisu NdFeB a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata.

Dorewa a cikin hanyoyin masana'antu ya zama fifiko kwanan nan, kuma abubuwan da ba kasafai ba, wadanda kasashe suka amince da su a matsayin manyan albarkatun kasa saboda yawan hadarin da suke da shi da kuma mahimmancin tattalin arziki, sun bude wuraren bincike kan sabbin matsuguni na dindindin maras kasa. Hanya guda mai yuwuwar hanyar bincike ita ce duba baya ga farkon abubuwan da aka ɓullo da maɗauran maganadisu na dindindin, maganadisu ferrite, da ƙara nazarin su ta amfani da duk sabbin kayan aiki da hanyoyin da ake samu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Ƙungiyoyi da yawa a yanzu suna aiki kan sababbin ayyukan bincike waɗanda ke fatan maye gurbin abubuwan da ba a taɓa gani ba a duniya tare da kore, mafi inganci madadin.



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